Paragraph 1
Many people believe that putting the toilet-seat lid down helps to prevent the spread of
germs and viruses. A recent study pretty much dispels this
. A team of
from the University of Arizona conducted research on the
activity of viral particles after a toilet is flushed. The scientists determined that there is little
in the spread of germs,
of whether the lid is up or down. Microbiologist Dr Charles Gerba has been studying
pathogens for nearly five decades. He said: "All that air when you flush goes
, and it carries the viruses that are in the toilet bowl out of it." He said a
forces bacteria out from under the lid and contaminates nearby
.